Artisans
Artisans were referred to as the "Gong" class in China. They were second to last on the social hierarchy. Even though their position was just barely above the lowest class in line, they were highly respected among the people in China. They often worked in government jobs and independent sectors but could also be self-employed. They produced many creative pieces, such as potteries, textiles, and other architectural works.They were considered to be quite respectable people because they passed down their skills from father to son. They, like the farmers, benefited Chinese society with their mastered skills, by producing necessary products. Some artisans became wealthy enough to hire their own apprentices and laborers. During the Han dynasty, silk production increased. Artisans found special techniques for producing more silk but kept it a state secret. The abundance of silk increased profits heavily. This helped increase trade between civilizations thus creating a more prosperous economy within society. Without the contributions of artisans in China, the country would probably never have been as culturally flourished and enriched as they are today.
Merchants
Merchants were known as the “Shang” class in China. They had the lowest status in the social hierarchy. They were the lowest class because they weren't seen as a benefit to society. They were considered to be very greedy and selfish, only seeking profits for their own gain. Despite this, some merchants were very wealthy and lived in luxury. Even though they were rich, the amount of wealth did not increase their status in China. This is because hard labor was more respectable than riches and wealth. To increase respectability, some merchants bought land to be viewed as farmers. Others bought education to be seen as scholars. During the Han dynasty, merchants became overwhelmingly rich. They were seen as a threat to the emperors and nobles during the time. To put a restraint on their wealth, many restrictions were placed on them. They had to join the army and pay a large amount of taxes. Some merchants found a loophole. To keep their wealth, merchants started making investments in lands. Even though some were rich, many lived quiet lives as shopkeepers,bankers, traders, and sellers.